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New Cybernetics or second-order cybernetics is the cybernetics of cybernetics.〔Joseph Zeidner (1986), ''Human Productivity Enhancement'', University of Michigan, p.173.〕〔R.F. Geyer and G. v.d. Zouwen (1992), "Sociocybernetics", in: ''Cybernetics and Applied Systems'', C.V. Negoita ed. p.96.〕 〔Anatol Rapoport eds.(1988), ''General Systems: Yearbook of the Society for the Advancement of General'' Vol 31, p.57.〕 〔Loet Leydesdorff (2001), ''A Sociological Theory of Communication: The Self-Organization of the Knowledge-Based Society''. ( Universal Publishers )/uPublish.com. p.253.〕 It investigates the construction of models of cybernetic systems looking beyond the issues of the "first", "old" or "original" cybernetics and their politics and sciences of control, with awareness of the subject–object (problem ), that the investigators are also part of the system, and of the importance of autonomy, self-consistency, self-referentiality, and self-organizing capabilities of complex systems.〔Peter Harries-Jones (1988), "The Self-Organizing Polity: An Epistemological Analysis of Political Life by Laurent Dobuzinskis" in: ''Canadian Journal of Political Science'' (Revue canadienne de science politique), Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 431–433.〕 Investigators of a system can never see how it works by standing outside it because the investigators are always engaged cybernetically with the system being observed; that is, when investigators observe a system, necessarily they affect it and are affected by it. ==Overview== The so-called "new cybernetics" is an attempt to move away from the "old" cybernetics of Norbert Wiener. Old cybernetics is tied to the image of the machine and physics, whereas "second-order" new cybernetics closely resembles organisms and biology. The main task of the new cybernetics is to overcome entropy by using "noise" as positive feedback.〔Tom Darby (1982), ''The Feast: Meditations on Politics and Time'', p.220.〕 The anthropologists Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead contrasted first and second-order cybernetics with this diagram in an interview in 1973.〔(Interview ) with Gregory Bateson and Margaret Mead, ''CoEvolution Quarterly'', June 1973.〕 It emphasises the requirement for a possibly constructivist participant observer in the second order case: : ''... essentially your ecosystem, your organism-plus-environment, is to be considered as a single circuit.''〔 Heinz von Foerster attributes the origin of second-order cybernetics to the attempts of classical cyberneticians to construct a model of the mind. Researchers realized that:
The work of Heinz von Foerster, Humberto Maturana, Ranulph Glanville, and Paul Pangaro is strongly associated with second-order cybernetics. Gordon Pask recommended the term New Cybernetics in his last paper〔Pask, 1996.〕 which emphasises all observers are participant observers that interact. Gertrudis van de Vijver stated in 1994 that the old cybernetics, the (second-order) new cybernetics and the cognitive paradigms are not that different from each other; and as is mostly the case, the so-called new paradigms are in a sense "older" than the "old" paradigms. The so-called "old" paradigms were in most cases strategically successful specializations in a general framework. Their success was based on a strong but useful simplification of the issues. The "new" paradigms are further specializations in the earlier one, or (as is mostly the case) a strategic retreat and introspection which broadens the specialized approach and is a return to the original, broader inspiration and outlook.〔Gertrudis van de Vijver (1994), ''New Perspectives on Cybernetics: Self-Organization, Autonomy and Connectionism'', p.97〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Second-order cybernetics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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